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THIS IS TO MAKE OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY EASY FOR YOU. DURING MY POST GRADUATE DAYS I STRUGGLED ALOT ON THESE SIMPLE TOPICS. NOW I UNDERSTAND IT MUCH BETTER WITH PRACTICE SO READ AND UNDERSTAND....

Sunday, November 10, 2013

STYLE OF Text IN THESIS DESSERTATION



Typically, the text of a thesis features an introduction and several chapters, although certain other formats are acceptable. The text pages, from beginning to end, are numbered with Arabic numerals.

STYLE OF TYPE
Produce an accurate, clear, clean copy that will reproduce well. The same style of type should be used throughout the thesis. Appendices may be an exception. Print styles that are similar to standard typefaces are preferred. Script style type is discouraged. Italic type may be used for foreign words, citation of titles, and special emphasis. Typical type size is 10 or 12 characters per inch.

MARGINS
The left-hand margin must be 1 1/2 inches to allow for binding. The top, bottom, and right margins will normally be 1 inch. The top margin of the first page of the preliminaries, chapters, appendices and bibliographies is 2 inches. Margin sets for the different word processing systems will vary. The right margin may be violated occasionally by one space and the bottom margin by one line. Always continue the text to the bottom margin except at the end of a chapter. WARNING: Photo reproduction results in a slight enlargement, therefore margins should be strictly observed on the original. The bottom and right margin must never be less than 3/4 inch on reproduced copies.
These same margins are to be observed for tables, illustrative materials, bibliographies, and appendices as well as in the text. Folded pages are not allowed in the text as they may be damaged when the thesis is trimmed. Use of photographic reductions is recommended for material larger than 8 1/2 X 11 inches. Do not reduce page numbers. Large maps which lose detail by reduction may be folded for enclosure in an envelope on the back cover of a thesis. Information to be conveyed by the maps must be referenced in the text in case the maps are lost.
Right justification is acceptable if the printer does it properly, i.e., does not separate punctuation from characters and does not leave large gaps in the text.

PAGINATION
Each page of the thesis must be assigned a number.
Preliminary pages are numbered at the bottom with lower case Roman numerals. Preliminary page number i is assigned to, but not printed on, the title page. The remaining preliminary pages are arranged as listed on page 6 under Format and Style and numbered consecutively.
The main text, typically starting with Chapter I, is numbered with Arabic numerals. Begin each chapter on a new page. First pages of chapters or sections, appendices, and bibliographies are either left unnumbered (though a number is always assigned) or numbered at the bottom.
All other text pages may have numbers placed either top or bottom, and either centered on the text or aligned at the right margin of the text. Most word processing programs will do this automatically and, generally, the automatic placement will be acceptable as long as the following criteria are met. Text should never fall outside the margins as specified in this manual. Page numbers may be inside or outside the top or bottom margins, but never less than 1/2 inch from the edge of the page. If inside the margin, the number should not be more than one line below the top margin or above the bottom margin. There should never be less than one blank line between the first or last text line and the page number.
Stamped page numbers are discouraged. Separation pages between the text, bibliography, and appendix are not necessary (if used, a number is assigned but not printed).
When a figure number and a caption cannot be placed on the same page as the figure, a facing page may be used. The facing page will contain the caption only. The front of the caption page will remain blank except for the page number.
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HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS
Headings for all preliminary pages must be centered and in uppercase. Headings must be centered in the 6 by 9 inch area within the margins (4 1/2 inches from the left side of the paper is center). Each chapter is started on a new page. Begin typing on the 13th line, leaving a 2 inch top margin. SUBHEADINGS WITHIN A CHAPTER (OR A SECTION) DO NOT BEGIN ON A NEW PAGE UNLESS THE PRECEDING PAGE IS FILLED. Continue the text to the bottom of the page unless at the end of a chapter. Style for subheadings is optional, but style should be consistent throughout the thesis. Headings or subheadings at the bottom of a page require two lines of text following the heading and at least two lines on the next page.

HYPHENATION
The last word on a page may not be divided. Not more than three lines in succession may end with hyphens. Divide words as indicated in a standard dictionary.

PARAGRAPHS
When it is necessary to divide a paragraph at the end of a page, at least two lines should appear at the bottom of the page and two at the top of the following page.
SPACING
Double Spacing: The text of the thesis is double- spaced (a double space is a full 1/4 inch between lines).
Single Spacing: Footnotes, bibliography or list of reference entries, table and figure captions, and data within large tables are to be single-spaced. Footnotes and bibliography or list of reference entries are separated by double-spacing. Lengthy descriptions in the appendix may also be single -spaced.
Quoted material of more than three typewritten lines is indented and single -spaced. Quoted material which is three lines or fewer may be single-spaced for emphasis.
POEMS
Poems should be double -spaced with triple -spacing between stanzas. Stanzas may be centered if lines are short.
NUMBERS
In nonscientific writing, numbers smaller than 100 are normally written out. In scientific writing, the use 
of Arabic numerals is permitted for all numbers 10 and above except at the beginning of a sentence. Numbers less than 10 are spelled out, with several exceptions. Arabic numerals are always used with percent, units or actual measurement, time (when used with a.m. and p.m.), fractional numbers, page numbers, data taken directly from a table or figure, or numbers both under and over 10 occurring in the same sentence. Chapter or section numbers, figure numbers, and table numbers may be either Roman or Arabic numerals, depending on the style used in the thesis.
The word "percent" should be written out except in scientific writing and in tables, where the symbol (%) may be used.
FOOTNOTES OR ENDNOTES
If footnotes are used, they must be numbered consecutively throughout the entire thesis and they must appear at the bottom of the page on which the reference is made. Footnotes are separated from a full page of text with a single line 1 1/2 inches long (beginning at the left-hand margin), one double space below the text. The footnote itself begins one double space below the line, is paragraph indented, is preceded by a superscript numeral, and is single- spaced with double spacing between footnotes.
In a chapter which has a short last page, the line and footnote(s) are placed at the bottom of the page. Two or more short footnotes may be placed on the same line if there are at least six spaces between the footnotes.
It is permissible to continue a long footnote from one page to another provided it is broken in such a way that the part on the first page is obviously incomplete. The continued portion of the footnote precedes any that may occur on the succeeding page; it is not indented but is continued flush with the left margin.
If endnotes are used, they may be placed at the end of each chapter or following the last page of text. They must be numbered consecutively throughout each chapter or throughout the entire thesis. The form for an endnote is the same as a footnote. Type the heading "endnote" on the 13th line, leaving a 2 inch top margin.
A footnote which has been cited previously but not consecutively is given in a shortened version which contains the author's last name and the page(s) or volume and page(s). Alternatively, the Latin abbreviations of ibid., op. cit., and loc. cit. may be used for a footnote which previously has been cited in full form. These terms are now considered to be fully anglicized and generally are not italicized (underlined).
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Consult a style manual approved by your department for samples of footnotes or endnotes.
ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL
Tables, charts, graphs, maps, diagrams, and original illustrations included in a thesis should be reproduced by the same method as the text if possible.
Color : It is generally possible to meet rigorous standards of clarity and legibility in virtually any hue.
Colors will not reproduce in the microfilming process: instead they will appear as varying shades of grey. If microfilmed copies are to be of great importance, it might be wise to follow the suggestions of ProQuest Information and Learning:
1. Lines on a graph should be identified by labels or symbols rather than colors.
2. Shaded areas, such as countries on a map, will have better contrast if cross-hatching is used instead of color.
3. Photographs should be professional quality black and white. Color photographs should be reprinted in black and white by a photo lab.
In order to get an idea of how a color item will look in microfilm, make a photocopy of it.
Prints: Photographs can be printed on special 8 1/2 x 11 photographic paper. (Contact the Office of Instructional Services, Photographic Services, or a commercial photography lab.) These should be preceded by a facing page showing the figure number and legend unless the figure number and legend are included as part of the photograph. If a facing page is used, it is to be numbered on the otherwise blank front side.
Photomounting: A dry-mount process, cold-mount process, or archival quality tape may be used to mount photographs 6 x 9 inches or smaller on the same quality paper used for the thesis.
The technique used for mounting photographs and other illustrations is crucial. Most methods of adhesion are not suitable for long-term storage. Many glues will harden and crack over time and can discolor the paper and mounted item. Because of this, mounted objects can easily be lost or rendered illegible. Rubber cement, cellophane tape, glue sticks, white glue, and aerosol spray glues are not recommended for affixing photos or other objects as they deteriorate rapidly.
Foldouts: Foldouts cannot be bound into the thesis. They need to be folded no larger than 8 X 10 1/2 and
will be placed at the back of the thesis in a pocket when it is bound.
Computer Discs: It is recommended that computer discs not be included in the thesis. Library and binding procedures may damage enclosures. Discs can also be easily removed after the thesis is bound and put on the library shelves. If discs are necessary, the Graduate School Office will make a special notation to the library for careful handling.
Please note that University Microfilms International will not copyright any thesis material included on enclosed computer discs. Also, they will not microfilm any thesis material provided on a disc unless the disc material is printed on hard copy and included.

TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables and figures should follow immediately after first mention in the text or on the next page. If they are placed on the next page, continue the text to the bottom of the preceding page. Do not leave a space (gap) on the page where the table or figure was first mentioned. If more clarity is provided by placing figures and tables at the end of chapters or at the end of the text, this format is also acceptable.
Tabular material of five or more total horizontal lines is presented in the thesis as a table. Long tables may be single-spaced.
Figures must look professional. Handlettering is unacceptable unless executed by a professional draftsperson.
Any diagram, drawing, graph, chart, map, photograph, or other type of illustration is presented in the thesis as a figure. Exceptions to this are large maps or other material which are placed in a pocket on the back cover. These should be referred to as "plates." Oversize pages complicate microfilming and should be avoided whenever possible.
If pictures are to be used in the thesis, they may be printed in some acceptable process such as photo offset or photocopies from the original, or an actual photograph may be attached to a sheet of the same quality paper and be positioned within the margins.
BROADSIDE TABLES AND FIGURES
In order to fit large tables or figures on a page, it is sometimes necessary to place them broadside. The binding margin for such a table or figure must be 1 1/2 inches and all other margins must be no less than 1 inch. The top margin and page number location must be the same as on a regular page. The table or figure and caption will be read by turning the page 1/4 turn clockwise. If there is not enough space on a
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figure page for the figure number and the caption, a facing page may be used (See example on page 21). Broadside tables may also be split on a facing page. This rule does not apply to broadside figures.
NUMBERING OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Numbering of tables and figures should be consecutive throughout the entire thesis or within each chapter, including those in the appendix. If the tables and figures are to be numbered consecutively within each chapter, the chapter number should appear along with the table or figure number (e.g., 1.1, 1.2 (for Chapter 1); 2.1, 2.2 (for Chapter 2)). Tables and figures are numbered separately.
TITLES, TABLES, AND FIGURES
Titles must be complete and be worded exactly as they appear in the text. If explanatory material is added after the period in the caption, it is not necessary to place it in the list of figures or tables. The number and title of a table should be placed above the table. If the table is to be reduced, the table title should also be reduced. The page number is typed on after the reduction. The number and title of a figure should be placed below the figure, reading the same direction as the figure. If a figure is to be reduced, the page number, title, and figure number are typed after the reduction.
For oversize figures, the caption should appear in the center of the facing page. It is typed so that it reads in the same direction as the figure.
COMPUTER OUTPUT
Computer output, including pen plotting and screen plotting, is acceptable provided the material is a dark, clear, readable copy transferred to acceptable paper. If the material is tabular, room must be left at the top for the table number, caption, appropriate lines, and columnar headings unless the entire table is to be printed by the computer printout machine. Room must also be left for a double- or single-line opening and closing on each table. COMPUTER MATERIAL MUST CONFORM TO STANDARD MARGINS. For help with computer material consult your college computer lab personnel or staff in Computer Training and Support Services (221 Weber Building). The style of type used for page numbers on all pages printed by the computer system is to be the same as that used throughout the remainder of the thesis.
Supplementaries
REFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY
The style for references should follow the format appropriate for the field of study. The style used must be consistent throughout the thesis. There are many
good sources that may be consulted for certain fields or to solve special problems. Advisers and committee members usually have excellent references to suggest.
Most will be available in the University Bookstore and the University Libraries. Those that are not may be ordered.
Page numbering for the references follows consecutively from the text.
APPENDICES
Quality and format should be consistent with requirements for other parts of the thesis including margins and reproduction. Computer printout must conform to margins. Reductions must be clear and readable. Appendices may be treated in a fashion parallel to that of chapters. That is, the first page of an appendix would have a two inch top margin and begin with a title - e.g., "Appendix I," "Appendix: Diagrams." Alternatively, an appendix may be introduced with a cover page bearing only the title. The content of the appendix then begins on the second page with the standard one inch margin.
Alternate Formats
MULTIPART THESIS
In some departments, a student may do research on two or more generally related areas which would be difficult to combine into a single well-organized thesis. The solution is the multi-part thesis. In such a thesis, each part is considered a separate unit, with its own chapters, bibliography or list of references, and appendix (optional); or it may have a combined bibliography or list of references and appendix. A single abstract is required. The pages of a multi-part thesis are numbered consecutively throughout the entire thesis, not through each part. (Therefore, the first page of Part II is not page 1.) The chapter numbering begins with Chapter I for each part, or the chapters may be numbered consecutively. Each part may be preceded by a separation sheet listing the appropriate number and title. Since a page number is allowed (but not actually printed) for each of these separation sheets, the first separation sheet becomes page 1 and the first page of Part I, Chapter I, is page 2.
TWO VOLUME THESIS
If a thesis is 500 pages or over three inches thick, including preface pages and allowing for any extras such as photographs, foldout pages, etc., it will be bound in two volumes. The break between the two volumes must be at the end of a chapter and should be divided as nearly as possible into two equal parts. Each volume contains a title page and a table oF
contents. The title page for each volume would specify the volume and chapters included in that volume. The Table of Contents for Volume I would list the material contained in the entire thesis (both volumes). The pagination would be continuous from Volume I through Volume II. The Title Page and Table of Contents page in Volume II are assigned Arabic numerals. The Table of Contents for Volume II would list only material contained in Volume II.
Paper and Reproduction
PAPER
White, 50% or less cotton or rag content, 20 pound bond, 8 1/2 X 11 inches in size is recommended. Archival quality acid-free paper is also acceptable.
REPRODUCTION METHODS AND QUALITY
The process of reproduction used should produce a permanent, black-on-white copy free from smudges or stains. The print should be sharp and dense. The thesis must be printed on one side of the paper only. Current acceptable methods of reproduction are:
Word Processing. Be sure that the software and printer of the word processor system follows good form. The material should be "letter quality" (i.e., fully formed characters). "Near-letter," "business," and "draft" quality print produced by some dot-matrix and ink jet machines are not acceptable. 

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